第1篇 十三陵導游詞
閱讀小貼士：本篇共計680個字，預計看完需要2分鐘，共有268位用戶收藏，21人推薦！
各位朋友，請往右側(cè)的窗外看，這是十三陵陵區(qū)的標志性建筑物——石牌坊，它是我國保存至今的最大的石牌坊，共有五門六柱十一樓，建于公元1540年，至今已有四百六十多年歷史了。
現(xiàn)在請大家往前看，前方有一個大門，門開三洞，這便是明十三陵陵區(qū)的正門——大宮門。因其顏色為紅色，故又稱之為大紅門。在大宮門的左右各立有一座皇帝下馬碑，上書“官員人等至此下馬”，在古代皇帝到這來祭陵，至此也必須下馬。原來在大宮門的兩側(cè)連有40公里長的圍墻，設為禁區(qū)，重兵把守。其實就是一座為*皇帝而設的“紫禁城”。明朝規(guī)定，每年大祭三次，小祭四次。皇帝每次祭陵便在大宮門前下馬進入陵區(qū)。
在大宮門之后依次是碑亭、石象生、欞星門，這條路被稱為神路，下面我把神路上的建筑向各位做一簡介。大家請看前面的碑亭，里面是長陵的神功圣德碑。正面是碑文，列述永樂皇帝的功績，碑的背面是清乾隆皇帝寫的《哀明陵三十韻》，碑東側(cè)是清政府修明陵的花費記錄，西側(cè)是清朝嘉慶皇帝論述明亡的原因。
在碑亭之后便是整齊地排列于神路兩側(cè)的石像生，何為石像生呢?其實就是些石人、石獸等，即為象征生命的石雕，它們將為*的帝王們在另一個世界提供服務。十三陵的神路上有石獸24只，包括獅子、獬豸、駱駝、麒麟、馬和大象，每種獸4只，兩立兩臥。此外還有石人12個，即文臣、武將、勛臣各4人。
在神路的盡頭是欞星門，俗稱龍鳳門，當?shù)厝擞址Q其為火焰牌坊，此處意為“天門”，即皇帝皇后等人的棺樽通過此門后，靈魂便升入了天堂。
我們馬上就到了，請大家收拾一下隨身物品，帶好照像機，我們準備參觀十三陵之首——長陵。
第2篇 十三陵導游詞
閱讀小貼士：本篇共計6469個字，預計看完需要17分鐘，共有256位用戶收藏，20人推薦！
明十三陵坐落于天壽山麓?？偯娣e一百二十余平方公里。距離北京約五十公里。十三陵地處東、西、北三面環(huán)山的小盆地之中，陵區(qū)周圍群山環(huán)抱，中部為平原，陵前有小河曲折蜿蜒，山明水秀，景色宜人。十三座皇陵均依山而筑，分別建在東、西、北三面的山麓上，形成了體系完整、規(guī)模宏大、氣勢磅礴的陵寢建筑群。下面是由小編為大家?guī)淼年P(guān)于北京十三陵英語導游詞，希望能夠幫到您!
北京十三陵英語導游詞
he ming tombs are 40 kilometers north of beijing city on the southern slopes of tianshou mountain. they are the burial grounds of 13 ming dynasty emperors. in july 2022 the site was designated a world cultural heritage site by unesco.
empress _u died in the 5th year of yongle (1407). zhu di sent
zhao hong, secretary of the ministry of rites and a geomancer----liao junqing along with many others to beijing in search of an auspicious place for the tombs. it is said that this group of people first selected the area of tu jia ying, which means slaughter-house, and as such, it couldn't be used as the burial ground. ne_t they selected the foot of yangshan mountain, changping. however, since the surname of the emperor (zhu) is a homophone for pig and because a village named 'wolf mouth ravine' was located there, they decided against using that area. later, they found yan-jiatai west of beijing. again, since 'yanjia' was the homonym of the death of the emperor, it was also deemed unsuitable. it was not until the 7th year of yongle (1409), that they finally chose the present heavenly longevity mountain as their cemetery grounds.
the whole area covers 40 square kilometers. it has mountains to its east, west and north, and dragon mountain and tiger mountain are on either side of its southern entrance. the 13 tombs go from north to south. they are arranged in the manner of the imperial palace, with the administration area in the front and living quarters in the rear. in front of the tombs are divine passes, stone archways and steel towers. the precious city and ming tower stand over the underground palace.
there were 16 emperors during the ming dynasty. buried in the ming tombs, are 13 ming emperors and 23 empresses, as well as many concubines, princes, princesses and maids. the other 3 emperors, emperor zhu yuanzhang, zhu yunwen and zhu qiyu are buried in other locations.
the founder of the ming dynasty, zhu yuanzhang, established his capital in present day nanjing where he was buried after his death. his tomb is called _iaoling (tomb of filial piety).
the body of the second emperor of the ming, zhu yunwen, is missing. some said that he died in a fire, while others said that he went to a temple and became a monk. there is no final conclusion yet.
the seventh ming emperor zhu qiyu, was buried as a prince by his elder brother zhu qizhen at jinshankou, a western suburb of beijing, because in the tumubao upheaval, emperor zhu qizhen became a captive and the younger brother of zhu qizhen. zhu qiyu was chosen as the new emperor, but later zhu qizhen was back and proclaimed his re-enthronement in the seizing gate upheaval.
the memorial arch was built in the 19th year of jiajing (1540) as a symbol of the ming tombs. it is 14 meters high and 28. 86 meters wide, and has 5 arches supported by 6 pillars with beautiful bas-relief carvings of lions, dragons and lotus flowers. the memorial arch is the biggest and the most e_quisite stone arch preserved in the country today. the major designs of dragon and cloud decorations reflect the character of imperial architecture. in addition, it also demonstrates the skillful artistry of the ming craftsmen.
the big palace gate is the front gate of the ming tombs, and is more commonly known as big red gate. facing south, there are three arch entrances to the gate, the main inlet to the ming tombs. flanking the gate are two stone tablets, inscribed with orders for the emperor, officials and other people to dismount, before entering into the tomb area. if they did not obey, they would be punished for their disrespect. the rules governing the ming tombs in the ming dynasty, stipulate that one who sneaks into the tomb area to pick firewood and break twigs would be flogged. those who came to fetch dirt and stone would be beheaded. those who entered arbitrarily into the tomb area would be flogged a hundred times.
the tablet house was built in the 10th year of _uande (1435), and stands about 10 meters high with two tiers of eaves. a huge tablet stands in the middle of the tablet house. the front side bears an inscription by emperor renzong for chengzu. the reverse side is a poem by qing emperor qianlong recording in detail the conditions of the broken changling, yongling, dingling and _iling. on the east side is the record of e_penditures for repairing the ming tombs by the qing government. on the west side is an epitaph by qing emperor jiaqing. it was written in the 9th year of jiaqing (1804) describing the cause of the fall of the ming dynasty.
on the north side of the tablet house, stands a group of stone carvings (36 in all). behind the house, there are two stone pillars. beyond the pillars are stone animals and other statues. lions, _ie zhi, camels, elephants, and qi lin horses .all of the animals are in two pairs. two stand, while the other two kneel. it is followed by the statues of military officers, civil officials and officials of merit, four in each group. these stone animals and statues were made in the 10th year of _uande (1435). they reflect the imperial power when he was alive and the imperial dignity after he was deceased. the animals and statues were created using whole blocks of stone weighing a couple of tons and each was delicately and masterfully carved.
here stands ling _ing gate, also known as the unique dragon and phoeni_ gate, with the meaning of the gate of heaven. the gate is pierced with si_ door leaves, attached to three archways. the top of the central section of the three archways is decorated with flames and precious pearl, so it is also known as the flame archway. to the north of the dragon and phoeni_ gate there lays a seven-arch marble bridge, leading to the gate of changling. to the east of the seven-arch bridge stands an old five-arch bridge, which was the original site of the seven-arch bridge.
actually we are standing on the a_le line of the ming tombs, otherwise known as the sacred way or the tomb path. we passed the memorial arch, the big palace gate, the tablet house, sacred way, stone animals and statues, and ling _ing gate. this seven-kilometer long sacred pathway leads from south to north, all the way to the gate of changling.
now, we are moving to chang ling. changling is the first tomb built in the ming tombs area, covering 10 hectares and containing emperor zhu di and his empress _u.
zhu di (chengzu) of the ming dynasty was the fourth son of the first emperor zhu yuanzhang, born in 1360. zhu di was conferred the title of the prince of yan in the 3rd year of hongwu (1370). he was appointed at beiping. after the death of zhu yuanzhang (the first ming emperor), zhu di used the prete_t of eliminating evil officials at the side of emperor jianwen to lead an army e_pedition down south to nanjing. he seized the throne in the 4th year of jianwen (1402) and ascended the throne in june inside the hall of ancestral worship in nanjing. zhu di was an emperor of outstanding accomplishment in the ming dynasty. as soon as he became the prince of yan, he led the generals out to battle. he had great achievements in calming down the north. after he took over his nephew's power and became the emperor, he still went out to battle throughout the country and consolidated the rule of the ming dynasty. he made the important decision to move the capital to beijing. during the rule of zhu di, magnificent developments were made in the economy, culture and in diplomacy. in terms of culture, zhu di successively sent grand academician _ie jin, yan guang_iao and others to compile the yongle encyclopedia. the book has become the largest book ever complied in chinese history. for e_panding e_ternal e_changes and trade, zhu di selected eunuch zheng he to lead a large fleet filled with precious gold, silver, silk and satins to sail to southeast asia and africa seven times in the early years of yongle.
empress _u was buried together with emperor zhu di in changling. empress _ushi was the eldest daughter of _u da who was one of the founding fathers of the ming dynasty. throughout her lifespan, _u shi complied 20 articles of internal lectures and a book advising to be good, so as to cultivate people's minds. she was the very first one to be buried in changling and in the ming tomb area.
the hall of eminent favor in changling is the best preserved among the thirteen tombs. it is a valuable relic of ancient china's wooden structures. it is nine rooms wide and five rooms long, a hall size rarely seen in china. the roof is made of top-class double eaves and there are multiple rooms covered with yellow glazed tiles. the hall is supported by 60 thick nanmu pillars, the middle four in the hall are the thickest, the diameter of each one can reach over one meter. it is known as the best nanmu (phoebe) hall in the country.
now we are going to dinging. dingling is located at the east foot of dayu mountain. buried here are the 13th ming emperor wanli (zhu yijun) and his two empresses _iaoduan and _iaojing. zhu yijun was the longest on the throne of the ming emperors. (he was emperor for 48 years). he was the greediest and laziest emperor in the ming dynasty. zhu yijun ascended the throne at the age of 9. after he came to power, he was supported by the chief minister zhang juzheng. at this time, various aspects of society gained development.
later ,zhang juzheng died of illness. not long after wanli managed state affairs on his own, he used the chance to select the location for his tomb site when he went to pay homage to the ancestors' tombs. he spent eight million taels of silver (250,000 kilos of silver) and si_ years to build a high quality tomb dingling. after the dingling was completed, zhu yijun personally went to inspect it, and felt very satisfied with the result. he went so far as to hold a grand banquet in the underground palace, which was unheard of in history.
zhu yijun was a typical muddle-headed emperor. reflecting on his reign, he did not pay attention to state affairs for 28 out of his 48 year rule. the state organ was effectively semi-paralyzed during his reign. later generations commented that the fall of the ming dynasty was caused by this emperor.
zhu yijun had two empresses. empress _iaojing was originally a maid of wanli's mother cisheng. later she gave birth to a son of the emperor. that son was the one-month emperor guangzong (zhu changluo). she died of illness 9 years earlier than shenzong died. she was buried as a concubine at pinggangdi, around the east pit, at the heavenly longevity mount. after _iaojing was conferred the title of “grandmother of the emperor”, her body was moved to the underground palace of dingling, and buried together with emperor wanli and empress _iaoduan on the same day. _iaoduan was conferred the title of empress, but she could not give birth to either a son or a daughter to the emperor. _iaoduan died of illness. a hundred days later, emperor wanli (zhu yijun) died too. empress _iaoduan, emperor wanli, and empress _iaojing were buried together in the underground palace.
the tablet in front of dingling has no words on it. it is called the wordless tablet. there is a pair of coiling dragons along the top and a pattern of sea waves carved on the bottom. its base is composed of a tortoise (bi_i). it is said that the dragon has nine sons. in twelve of the ming tombs, e_cluding changling, all the tablets are wordless. originally there were no tablet houses in front of the tombs, but later the tablet houses and steeles of the first si_ tombs were completed. but the emperor jiajing at the time indulged in drinking, lust and searching for longevity pills, so he had no time to pay attention on the inscriptions. consequently the si_ tablets are wordless. and in keeping with this tradition, that’s why the tablets later on are also blank.
now we are arriving at the gate of eminent favor and the hall of eminent favor of dingling, the hall of eminent favor is also called hall of enjoyment. it was the place where the emperor and his entourage held grand sacrificial rites. they were mostly destroyed when the qing soldiers came. and they were destroyed again later, so now only the ruins remain.
moving on, this is the e_hibition rooms that were built after the e_cavation of the underground palace. the e_hibition e_plains in detail the history of the tomb master and introduces the tomb e_cavation process. the e_hibition rooms are divided into two parts, the south and the north. in the south room, on display are the sacrificial objects of emperor wanli unearthed from the underground palace. in the north room, on display are the sacrificial items of the two empresses. all of then are fancy and invaluable.
now we arrive at the soul tower, this is the symbol of the tomb. it is a stone structure with colorful painted decorations. the soul tower and the precious citadel of dingling have never been damaged seriously. the soul tower is the best preserved architecture above the ground of dingling. on top of the yellow, glazed tiled roof of the soul tower sits a big stone tablet. two chinese characters----dingling, are carved on the tablet. inside the soul tower, on top of another stone tablet, there are two big characters----'the great ming' written in seal characters. on the body of the tablet, seven chinese characters-----'tomb of emperor shenzong _ian' are carved. the soul tower is connected with the precious citadel. the precious citadel is a large round wall built with bricks. the precious citadel wall is 7.5 m high, and lower part is thick while the upper part is thin. the round wall's perimeter is over 800 meters, and inside the wall is a large artificial mound, the emperor's tomb mound, known as precious top.
dingling is the only ming tomb to be e_cavated. formal e_cavation work started in may 1956 and ended in 1958. first, the working personnel discovered an e_posed gateway at the side wall to the southwest of the precious citadel of dingling. so they dug the first tunnel facing the position of the gateway. at the bottom of the tunnel, they discovered a tunnel made of bricks. three months later, along the direction of the tunnel, to the west of the soul tower, they dug the second tunnel. during the digging, they encountered with a stone tablet which inscribed the words ' from here 48. 8m forward and 10. 7m downward lies the precious wall'. therefore it gave the correct direction of opening up the underground palace.
according to the direction of the stone tablet, after digging the third tunnel, they found a stone tunnel. at last they got to the precious wall. thus they opened the precious wall with a square stone room. to the west end of the room, lay two marble doors. the working personnel used a wire and wood plank to remove the ' self-acting' stone bar, which was against the back of the door. with this method, they opened the entrance of the underground palace.
the palace has no beam which was built according to the principles of geomancy altogether there are five chambers. the chambers are separated by seven marble doors. the underground palace is 27 meters deep, covering an area of 1,195 square meters. there is a same structure stone door in between the front, middle and rear chambers. the door is made of marble. the biggest marble door is 3. 3 meters high, 1.7 meters wide, 4 tons in weight. it looks heavy, but it is reasonably designed. the pivot of the stone door is inclined to the door a_le, so the door is easy to open and close. on top of the door is a lintel (made of bronze) tube weighing about 10 tons to prevent the door from falling. carved on the front of the marble door are 9 rows of 81 knobs and strange animals with rings in their mouths. located on the reverse side, opposite the animals, is a protruding section that holds the door's 'self-acting' stone bar.
the front and middle chambers are 7. 2 meters high and 6 meters wide. the floor is covered with gold bricks. according to records, the gold bricks are smooth and durable. the more you polish them, the brighter they become. there are no decorations in the front and two anne_ chambers. in the middle chamber, there are three marble thrones for emperor wanli and his two empresses, known as the precious thrones. in the front of the thrones, there are five yellow glazed offerings and one blue-and-white porcelain jar of jiajing year's style with a cloud-and-dragon design. it is about 0.7 meters in diameter. originally there was sesame oil in the jar. on the surface of the oil was a copper tube with a wick inside. it is called the 'everlasting lamp'. due to the lack of o_ygen, the light went out so the oil had not been used all.
the rear chamber is the biggest of the three. it is 9.5 meters high, 31 meters long, 9.l meters wide, the floor is paved with polished stones. in the rear chamber, there is a coffin platform edged with white marble. placed on the platform are the coffins of emperor wanli and his two empresses as well as 26 vermilion bo_es filled with funeral objects.
in the middle of the coffin platform, there is a rectangular hole filled with soil called gold well. putting jade stone around the coffin or inside the coffin or in the mouth of the deceased is called being ' buried with jade. ' ancient people believed gold well was the pit of geomancy. it could prevent the body from decay for a long time. being 'buried with jade' on a gold well was the highest standard of entombment one could receive in the feudal era.
originally the empress's coffin should have been placed in the rear chamber. then why were the coffins of the two empresses also in the same chamber as the emperor's? in 1620, first empress _iaoduan died in april, then in july emperor wanli also died. after that, the son of zhu changluo died 29 days after his succession. in only a few months, two emperors and one empress had died in succession. in addition they had removed empress _iaojing's coffin to dingling. all the burdens of the funeral burials fell on the just enthroned emperor zhu youjian. the preparation work was done in a hurried fashion (this was clearly recorded in historical documents). the rainy season had already arrived before the funeral could occur and the passage leading to the empress' anne_ chamber may not have been convenient to open. so the coffins of the emperor, empresses all entered the underground palace through the front entrance. after the coffins entered the underground palace, since the passage to the anne_ chambers were narrow, the coffins of the empresses would not fit through it. so they had to put all the three coffins together into the rear chamber.
now please follow me out of the underground palace. and our tour for today is completed. i hope you have found our time together informative and enjoyable. we now have half an hour for a rest, and then we will get together here at 4:00pm. thank you.
第3篇 十三陵導游詞
閱讀小貼士：本篇共計650個字，預計看完需要2分鐘，共有125位用戶收藏，13人推薦！
北京昌平縣境內(nèi)，有一處明代帝王陵墓群，即中外聞名的十三陵。在周圍40公里的范圍內(nèi)，埋葬著明代13位帝王，23位皇后和眾多的嬪妃、太子、公主、從葬宮女等。
（一）概況
1陵墓區(qū)范圍
墓區(qū)原有一道40公里長的圍墻。紅色圍墻自南邊的大宮門起，依山而筑，設有中山口、東山口、老君堂口、賢莊口、灰?guī)X口、錐子口、雁子口、德勝口、西山口、榨子口等十個關(guān)口，各口駐兵把守?，F(xiàn)在紅墻已無，但從地名上看還能了解到當年的墓區(qū)范圍。
2陵墓中軸線
（1）石牌坊
（2）大宮門
大宮門是陵墓區(qū)的正門。門分三洞，旁連40公里圍墻。門前豎著"官員人等至此下馬"碑。門內(nèi)有數(shù)千軍士守護，任何人不得闖入。當時規(guī)定"謀毀山陵者，以謀大逆論，不分首從，俱凌遲處死"。山陵內(nèi)盜砍樹木者斬，家屬發(fā)往邊疆充軍。
（3）碑樓
該樓為重檐頂四出陛、樓內(nèi)馱巨碑，即長陵的神功圣德碑，高三丈（該碑正式建立于宣德十年，即公元1435年）。正面為神功圣德碑文，3000余字，明成祖長子仁宗朱高熾撰。碑陰是乾隆五十年（1785），清高宗的《哀明陵三十韻》，詳細地記錄了長、永、定、思幾座陵墓的殘破情況。碑東側(cè)是清政府修明陵的花費記錄，西側(cè)是嘉慶九年（1804）清仁宗論述明亡的原因。
（4）石象生
神路兩側(cè)有一組石雕群，24獸，12人，共18對，36個。包括獅子、獬豸、駱駝、麒麟、馬、象各4匹，二臥二立。武臣、文臣、勛臣各4人。
（5）欞星門
欞星門俗稱龍鳳門，在此處有"天門"之意，門三道之間有短垣相隔。6根門柱形似華表，三門額坊中央雕有石刻火焰珠，故當?shù)厝擞址Q其為火焰牌坊。 欞星門北有7孔漢白玉神橋一座，通往長陵陵門。
第4篇 十三陵導游詞
閱讀小貼士：本篇共計3689個字，預計看完需要10分鐘，共有229位用戶收藏，18人推薦！
北京昌平縣境內(nèi)，有一處明代帝王陵墓群，即中外聞名的十三陵。在周圍40公里的范圍內(nèi)，埋葬著明代13位帝王，23位皇后和眾多的嬪妃、太子、公主、從葬宮女等。
概況
明永樂五年（1407）朱棣的皇后徐氏去世。朱棣命禮部、工部及術(shù)士風鑒先生等人，在北京郊區(qū)尋找"吉壤"。先后曾指定潭柘寺、燕家臺、屠家營等處，朱棣均不滿意。后來江西術(shù)士廖均卿說，昌平北有吉壤，可做萬年壽域，名黃土山，山前有龍、虎二山，形成一個小平原。朱棣視察后很滿意，決定在此建造皇陵，改黃土山為天壽山。永樂七年（1409）正式建陵，到永樂十一年竣工，即長陵。明代歷朝（除景泰帝外）皇帝陸續(xù)在此建陵。 明制規(guī)定，陵墓每年大祭三次（清明、中元、冬至），小祭四次（正旦、孟冬、生辰、逝日）。每次謁陵耗費巨大。十三陵地面上建筑曾幾度遭到破壞，最嚴重的一次是清兵入關(guān)。明末清太祖崛起于東北，威脅明朝安全。有人說清兵之所以強盛與他的祖墳風水有關(guān)。他們（金人）的祖墳在房山，如搗毀，清兵即滅。天啟皇帝于天啟二年（1622）派人毀房山金陵，并建關(guān)帝廟鎮(zhèn)之。清兵入關(guān)后，采取同樣的報復手段，破壞了明陵。清乾隆五十年，為了攏絡漢人，曾下令修繕明陵。民國時期，1914年左右，當?shù)睾兰潬帄Z產(chǎn)權(quán)，明陵又遭破壞。
陵墓區(qū)范圍
墓區(qū)原有一道40公里長的圍墻。紅色圍墻自南邊的大宮門起，依山而筑，設有中山口、東山口、老君堂口、賢莊口、灰?guī)X口、錐子口、雁子口、德勝口、西山口、榨子口等十個關(guān)口，各口駐兵把守?，F(xiàn)在紅墻已無，但從地名上看還能了解到當年的墓區(qū)范圍。
陵墓中軸線
石牌坊
石牌坊是陵區(qū)最南端的建筑。該坊五門六柱十一樓，高14米，寬2886米，建于嘉靖十九年（1540），是目前國內(nèi)保存最大、最早的石坊。夾桿石四面有浮雕，刻有八對獅子滾繡球、十六條生龍，造型生動。
大宮門
大宮門是陵墓區(qū)的正門。門分三洞，旁連40公里圍墻。門前豎著"官員人等至此下馬"碑。門內(nèi)有數(shù)千軍士守護，任何人不得闖入。當時規(guī)定"謀毀山陵者，以謀大逆論，不分首從，俱凌遲處死"。山陵內(nèi)盜砍樹木者斬，家屬發(fā)往邊疆充軍。
碑樓
該樓為重檐頂四出陛、樓內(nèi)馱巨碑，即長陵的神功圣德碑，高三丈（該碑正式建立于宣德十年，即公元1435年）。正面為神功圣德碑文，3000余字，明成祖長子仁宗朱高熾撰。碑陰是乾隆五十年（1785），清高宗的《哀明陵三十韻》，詳細地記錄了長、永、定、思幾座陵墓的殘破情況。碑東側(cè)是清政府修明陵的花費記錄，西側(cè)是嘉慶九年（1804）清仁宗論述明亡的原因。
石象生
神路兩側(cè)有一組石雕群，24獸，12人，共18對，36個。包括獅子、獬豸、駱駝、麒麟、馬、象各4匹，二臥二立。武臣、文臣、勛臣各4人。
欞星門
欞星門俗稱龍鳳門，在此處有"天門"之意，門三道之間有短垣相隔。6根門柱形似華表，三門額坊中央雕有石刻火焰珠，故當?shù)厝擞址Q其為火焰牌坊。 欞星門北有7孔漢白玉神橋一座，通往長陵陵門。
長陵
長陵是十三陵中第一陵，占地10公頃。墓主是明成祖永樂皇帝朱棣和皇后徐氏。
陵園平面布局
陵墓有三進院落。第一進院落從陵門到恩門。陵門內(nèi)東西側(cè)原有神廚、神庫各5間。東南角有碑亭一座，無碑文，建于嘉靖十五年（1536）。清順治皇帝見過陵墓后，于順治十六年（1659），在石碑正面用漢、滿兩種文字鐫刻其謁陵感受。碑陰是乾隆皇帝于1785年謁陵后鐫刻的謁明陵八韻。第二進院落從恩門至內(nèi)紅門。院內(nèi)恩殿寬9間，深5間，重檐廡殿頂。殿內(nèi)60根楠木柱，當中4根柱直徑都在1米以上。該殿是國內(nèi)最好的楠木殿。殿中原有大佛龕，供成祖和徐皇后。殿兩側(cè)原有廊廡15間，現(xiàn)已無存。第三進院落從內(nèi)紅門至明樓。院內(nèi)前部是二柱牌坊，依次為石五供、明樓和寶城。 明樓是每座陵墓的標幟，也是每座陵墓中軸線上的最高建筑。樓頂為重檐歇山式，建于方城之上，四出陛，額曰"長陵"?？瘫疄槿f歷三十二年重立。原碑刻"太宗"（朱棣原來的廟號），后來世宗嘉靖皇帝于嘉靖七年改太宗為成祖，未換石碑，只用木雕成祖之碑鑲之。萬歷三十二年（1604）雷擊起火，木雕被毀。大學士沈一貫奏請改新碑。明樓兩側(cè)連寶城，城內(nèi)園丘即寶頂，周一百丈，下面即地宮。
東西井
長陵的陵園還轄屬東西井。東井在德陵饅頭山之南，西井在定陵西北。"井"內(nèi)葬著被"賜死"的殉葬宮妃。她們是皇帝的地下隨侍，雖賜死但無資格入地宮。埋葬她們的墳（豎葬）叫"井"。
定陵
定陵在昭陵東北大峪山（原名小峪山）下，埋葬著明代第十三代帝王萬歷帝朱翊鈞和孝端、孝靖二位皇后。萬歷十一年（1583）朱翊鈞借祭陵的機會勘察了陵區(qū)，最后決定在小峪山為己建陵，改小峪山為大峪山。因陵地有巨石，工程量級大，有人諫阻其不聽，決定次年開工。朱翊鈞時年才22歲。從萬歷十二年開工，至萬歷十八年竣工，歷時6年之久。墓穴工程質(zhì)量極佳?？⒐ず?，28歲的萬歷皇帝，曾在自己的地宮中飲酒歡賀，然后將墓口封閉。朱翊鈞是個殘暴荒淫之君，在位48年不問朝政,縱飲歡樂,還巧立名目廣納民女,如選"九嬪"、"十俊"等。
景觀介紹
神功圣德碑
該碑是無字碑，碑身為精美的青白石石雕，碑首云龍交盤，游水戲珠，碑座是一個昂首遠眺石，下面有海水波紋。碑身背面有一碗口大白痕，似滿月，潔白晶瑩，故該碑俗稱月亮碑。傳說幾百年前月亮碑能發(fā)光，還能隨朔望而圓缺，后來因陵園遭火，失去了靈氣。
恩門、恩殿遺址
陵恩殿也叫享殿，原來建筑面闊為7間。清兵入關(guān)后，曾遭破壞。乾隆五十年整修過一次，將陵恩殿由大改小，改為五間。到1914年左右，又一次被燒毀，現(xiàn)在可以看到陵恩門、陵恩殿殿基遺址。
陳列室
明樓前庭院兩側(cè)辟有定陵出土文物陳列室。南側(cè)為第一陳列室，主要陳列萬歷皇帝的出土文物（包括復制品），如謚寶、謚冊、金冠、玉帶、盔甲、刀劍、金銀器皿、絲織品等。北側(cè)為第二陳列室，主要陳列孝端、孝靖兩皇后的隨葬品，其中一頂鳳冠為十二龍九鳳，一頂為六龍三鳳。冠上金龍口銜寶珠、飾滿朵朵翠云，中心是以寶石綴成的珠花……定陵中出土文物共有3000多件。
明樓
這是定陵地面保存最好的建筑，因其通體皆石，斗拱梁枋全由石料雕成，再漆飾彩繪，美觀大方不怕火燒。十三陵中，只永、定二陵明樓為石質(zhì)。明樓內(nèi)的石碑、碑額篆書"大明"二字，碑身刻"神宗顯皇帝之陵"七字。神宗是廟號。歷史上皇帝死去之后，按照習慣要由他的子孫和臣子擬定一個比較好聽的文字給予追加封號，稱為"謚法"。朱翊鈞的謚號是"范天合道，哲肅敦簡，光文章武，安仁止孝，顯皇帝"。"顯"字是他謚號的簡稱。
寶城
明樓兩側(cè)，連接著寶城。寶城是一道圓形的大墻，用城磚壘起，周長約750米，寶城的垛口，是仿照永陵的做法，全部用花斑石壘砌，清朝破壞明陵時，把這些花斑石毀掉,現(xiàn)在陵院中還可見到零星的花斑石。寶城內(nèi)土丘,即是寶頂,寶頂下面為地宮。
關(guān)于兩位附葬皇后
孝端皇后死于萬歷四十八年（1620）四月，未過百日，同年七月朱翊鈞駕崩，故二人梓宮同時葬入地宮。孝靖王氏位份低下，因其nfdbe生之子朱常洛于萬歷二十九年冊立為太子，母以子貴，于萬歷三十四年晉封為皇貴妃。萬歷三十九年，王氏皇貴妃病故。按制，貴妃不能入地宮，故埋在天壽山東井附近的平岡地。萬歷帝死后，太子繼位，本應為其母遷墳安葬，但朱常洛只做了29天皇帝就一命嗚呼了。熹宗朱由校繼位,年號天啟,追封孝靖為皇太后,于萬歷四十八年十月遷祖母墳附葬定陵地宮。
地宮（玄宮）
發(fā)掘經(jīng)過：9歲的趙其昌任發(fā)掘隊長，鄭振鐸指導工作，1956年5月開始先試掘定陵。 從定陵寶城內(nèi)側(cè)開了寬35米，長20米的第一條探溝。3個月后，發(fā)現(xiàn)了隧道的一端。這是由兩道大墻夾著的露天大道，梓宮過后又用黃土回填。在明樓西面又開了寬10米、長30米的第二條探溝。1956年9月3日，當挖到75米深時發(fā)現(xiàn)了一塊小石碑，上刻"此石至金剛墻前皮十六丈，深三丈五尺"字樣。對此碑的看法意見不一，但根據(jù)石碑所指，在1957年5月于隧道盡頭，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一堵大墻，當是金剛墻。墻上有凹痕，顯然是門的痕跡。拆開缺口，順繩下去，除地面上散落的料珠及鋪地的木料外，無他物，此處肯定不是地宮。發(fā)掘者稱其為隧道券。隧道券為磚頂拱券，一端有兩扇大石門，九排門釘，獸首銜環(huán)，潔白光潤，里面頂著"自來石"。工人僅用鐵絲和木條，不到5分鐘就巧妙地把沉睡了337年的地宮打開了。 定陵玄宮透視圖 地宮內(nèi)狀況：地宮是陵墓中最主要的部分，由前、中、后和左、右五個廳組成?？偵疃?7米，構(gòu)筑面積1195平方米。地宮中共裝有7座漢白玉門，高33米，寬18米，重4噸，上面橫置2噸重的青銅門梁，銜住門樞。每扇門靠樞柱一邊既重且厚， 向外漸薄，這樣可使重心偏向門軸。因此，看上去很笨重的大門，開閉卻很靈活。關(guān)門后有一"自來石"將門頂住，從外面開啟困難。地上木板是為保護梓宮和墁地金磚而設的。中殿有三個漢白玉石寶座，座前各一副琉璃五供和一個青花云龍大瓷缸。缸中原盛香油，油上的小銅瓢和燈芯有銅管與油相通，即"長明燈"。打開地宮時，燈未長明，油表面數(shù)公分已凝固。三個寶座呈"品"字形，后來為了便于參觀才改成"三"字形。后殿是最大的一個殿堂，棺床上停放著朱翊鈞和他的兩位皇后的梓宮。棺旁放著玉料和裝著隨葬品的紅漆木箱。左右配殿亦有棺床，但無棺槨。棺床上有方孔，中填黃土，稱"金井"。這是封建時代最高的"金井玉葬"葬禮。
第5篇 十三陵導游詞
閱讀小貼士：本篇共計1315個字，預計看完需要4分鐘，共有121位用戶收藏，17人推薦！
現(xiàn)在大家已經(jīng)來到了北京的遠郊昌平區(qū)，我們即將進入的就是十三陵景區(qū)。利用這段時間，我來給大家講解一下十三陵的歷史背景和說明。
十三陵是世界上保存最完整，埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。位于北京北郊昌平區(qū)天壽山腳下。距京城約50公里。陵區(qū)面積約40平方公里。整個陵區(qū)四面群山環(huán)抱，山前流水潺潺，明堂廣大、四周圍以高墻，因山設險。因為這里埋葬有明朝的十三位皇帝，所以稱明十三陵。十三位皇帝的陵墓以長陵為中心，錯落有致的分部在群山綠樹之間。
也許各位要問了，北京有那么多的名山勝水，為什么偏偏要選在這里建陵呢？明永樂五年朱棣的皇后徐氏去世。朱棣命禮部、工部及術(shù)士風水先生等人，在北京郊區(qū)尋找"吉壤"。先后曾指定潭柘寺、燕家臺、屠家營等處，朱棣均不滿意。后來江西術(shù)士廖均卿說，昌平北有吉壤，可做萬年壽域，名黃土山，山前有龍、虎二山，形成一個小平原。朱棣視察后很滿意，決定在此建造皇陵，并改黃土山為天壽山。
現(xiàn)在大家看到的這一座石牌坊，就是進入陵區(qū)的標志，牌坊為5門6柱11樓建筑形式，建于嘉靖年間。是國內(nèi)現(xiàn)存最大、最精美的石牌坊，上邊的圖案裝飾也都是云龍圖案，反映了皇家建筑的特點。穿過石牌坊即大宮門，為陵墓區(qū)的正門。門前豎著“官員等人至此下馬”碑。宮門后是碑樓，碑樓周圍有四座精美的華表。碑樓中的“大明長陵神功圣德碑”。在碑的四面分別有：朱棣之子仁宗朱高 撰寫的為其父歌功頌德的碑文，有清朝維修十三陵的經(jīng)過，有記述明朝滅亡的教訓，還有乾隆皇帝撰寫的《哀明陵十三韻》。
從碑樓到火焰牌坊是長達780米的神道。神道兩旁立有石像生，共24個石獸，12個石人，共計18對，36個。其中，獅子、獬豸、大象、麒麟、馬各四只，分別是兩立兩臥。有武臣、文臣和勛臣各有四位。神路最北端是欞星門，因為三根柱子上各有一個火焰寶珠，所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊。通過神路可以到達各個陵區(qū)。下面我們先去看看長陵。長陵是十三陵的首陵，位于天壽山主峰之下，埋葬著明成祖朱棣及皇后徐氏。在墓葬制度中被稱為“一帝一后制”。整座陵區(qū)建有周長80華里的圍墻。圍墻中還設有東山口、老軍堂等十六個關(guān)口。長陵祾恩殿是仿紫禁城的太和殿而建，于明永樂十四年建成，是供奉帝后牌位和舉行祭祀活動的地方。九五開間，重檐廡殿頂，殿內(nèi)有32根金絲楠木大柱。是明代帝王陵中唯一保存完好的祾恩殿。
由于長陵的地宮沒有發(fā)掘，所以我們在長陵的游覽就先告一段落。不過大家不用著急，接下來我們將要去的定陵，在那里大家就可以參觀到古代皇帝的地下宮殿了。
定陵是明朝萬歷皇帝和孝端、孝靖兩位皇后的合葬墓。位于大峪山腳下，占地面積15萬多平方米。 萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞是明朝在位最久的皇帝，但是他貪婪、懶惰成性，在位的48年當中，竟然有28年不理朝政，導致國家處于癱瘓狀態(tài)。但是他雖然昏君懶惰，卻耗銀800萬兩，歷時6年修建了他的陵寢。因此后人評論，其實明朝滅亡的命運，在萬歷皇帝時就已經(jīng)成為定局。由于定陵的地面建筑屢遭戰(zhàn)火和人為損壞，所以殘存不多。并且和長陵的規(guī)制完全相同，所以咱們就直接去地宮。
地宮距地面27米，總面積達到了1195平方米，整個建筑都是磚石結(jié)構(gòu)，分為前、中、后、左、右五個殿堂。共7座券門。后殿的門用漢白玉建造，有門丁九九八十一顆。象征陽數(shù)之極。
第6篇 十三陵導游詞
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各位游客：
你們好，歡迎你們來到北京旅游，我是你們的導游__。
1992年，在“北京旅游世界之最”的評定中，專家學者對十三陵的判定語為“世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群”。20__年7月，明十三陵被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》明清皇家陵寢的擴展項目?！妒澜邕z產(chǎn)名錄》對它的評價如下：“明清皇家陵寢依照風水理論，精心選址，將數(shù)量眾多的建筑物巧妙的安置于地下。它是人類改變自然的產(chǎn)物，體現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)的建筑裝飾思想，闡釋了封建中國持續(xù)了500余年的世界觀和權(quán)力觀。”
(明成祖朱棣)
十三陵的第一個陵是長陵，從永樂七年(公元1409)動工興建，到永樂十一年(公元l413)玄宮告成。長陵位于天壽山豐峰南面，它是永樂帝朱棣和皇后徐氏的合葬墓。
明成祖朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四個兒子，生于元至正二十年(1360)，明洪武三年(130)封為燕王，洪武十三年(1380)就藩北平。建文元年(1399)朱棣發(fā)動“靖難之役”，建文四年(1420)繼承皇位，第二年改元永樂。其較突出的歷史功績有：主持編撰《永樂大典》和派遣鄭和下西洋。中國被收入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》的文化古跡中，有4項是朱棣開創(chuàng)奠基的，他們是北京故宮，北京天壇，北京明十三陵，湖北武當山道教古建筑群?；屎笮焓?，是開國功臣中山王徐達的長女。永樂五年(公元1420__年)七月四日病逝，永樂十一年(公元1420__年)，首先被葬入長陵，她是葬入十三陵的第一人。長陵是明十三陵中規(guī)模宏大，營建時間最長，保存的最好的一座陵。
(長陵布局：長陵祾恩殿)
長陵陵園平面布局為“前方后圓”形制。“前方”，是三進深院落：第一深進院落大門為陵門，單檐歇山頂宮門式建筑，門內(nèi)明朝時東建有神廚，西建有神庫，神廚前有碑亭一座，神廚，神庫均毀于清朝中期，碑亭尚存;第二進深院落大門為祾恩門，單檐歇山頂。門內(nèi)即祾恩殿，面闊九間進深五間，重檐廡殿頂。祾恩殿是供奉帝后神位和舉行祭祀活動的場所。“祾”是“祭而受福”，“恩”是“罔極之恩”的意思。長陵祾恩殿是明代帝王陵中唯一保存完整的祾恩殿。殿內(nèi)有60根金絲楠木柱，當中4根柱的直徑在l米以上，是我國保存最好的楠木大殿，十分珍貴;第三進深院落大門為欞星門，門內(nèi)有兩柱牌樓門和石幾筵。“后圓”即指永樂帝的陵墓，它由寶城，寶山，方城，明樓組成。寶城狀如圓形城堡，寶城圍起來的土山]寶山，寶山下為玄宮。寶城正前方建方城，方城之上為重檐歇山頂明樓。明樓是每座陵墓的標志，也是每座陵墓中軸線上的最高建筑。原碑刻著朱棣原來的廟號“太宗”，后來世宗嘉靖七年(公元1528)改太宗為成祖，但沒能換石碑，只是用木雕鑲在成祖的石碑上。明樓內(nèi)立“圣號碑”碑首為“大明”，下刻“成祖文皇帝之陵”7個字。
長陵陵園還轄有東，西井。東井在德陵饅頭山的南面，西井在定陵西北。“井”內(nèi)葬有被賜死的殉葬宮妃。
明長陵位于北京市昌平區(qū)懷長路上，處在天壽山主峰南麓，是明朝第三位皇帝成祖文皇帝朱棣(年號永樂)和皇后徐氏的合葬陵寢。在十三陵中建筑規(guī)模最大，營建時間最早，地面建筑也保存得最為完好。它是十三陵中的祖陵，也是陵區(qū)內(nèi)最主要的旅游景點之一。長陵于永樂七年(1420__年)開始修建，永樂十三年(1420__年)完工?，F(xiàn)存建筑有寶城、明樓、石五供、兩柱牌樓門、祾恩殿、祾恩門、碑亭以及三進院落的宮墻和因墻而設的陵門、角門等。地宮未發(fā)掘，同時沒有被盜墓記錄。長陵目前對公眾開放。
明長陵位于北京市昌平縣境內(nèi)，距北京故宮五十公里。陵區(qū)南起石牌坊，北倚天壽山主峰。四面環(huán)山，綠樹叢叢。南面又有龍虎兩山左右對峙，勢如門戶。當中奔流不息的山水自西向東而去，好似天然的護陵河。南北貫通的高速路似一條巨龍連接著長陵至故宮。
明長陵為十三陵之首，永樂皇帝和皇后徐氏的合葬墓。是永樂皇帝建北京皇宮(故宮)的第三年(公元1420__年)自建的“壽宮”。陵園規(guī)模宏大，用料嚴格考究，施工精細，工程浩繁，營建時日曠久，僅地下宮殿就歷時四年。
明長陵陵恩殿是嗣皇帝祭祀永樂帝后的場所，建筑在漢白玉雕刻成的三層臺基上，金磚鋪地。殿面闊九間(66.56米)，進深五間(29.12米)，象征著皇帝“__”之位。所有木件全用金絲楠木為之，古色古香。一米多直徑，十幾米高的六十根金絲楠木大柱，承托著二千三百平方米的重檐廡殿頂，雄偉壯觀、舉世無雙。最粗的一根重檐金柱，高12.58米，底徑達到1.124米，為世間罕見佳木。殿中端坐于九龍寶座之上的永樂皇帝銅像，形象逼真，做工精湛考究，此造像是巨上精美絕倫的藝術(shù)佳作。此外陳列著明陵地宮出土文物數(shù)百件，播放1956年發(fā)掘地宮的實況錄像，幫助游人解開地宮之謎。
明長陵，建筑最早、面積最大、規(guī)模最宏偉、工藝用料最考究、原建筑保護最完整。歷經(jīng)六百年滄桑，仍完好無損，金碧輝煌。它早已被公布為全國第一秕重點文物保護單位。它不權(quán)以其宏大的古建筑和輝煌的藝術(shù)成就，豐富的歷史文化內(nèi)涵，吸引著每年數(shù)以百萬計的中外游人和各界專家學者，而且永樂皇帝是世界上赫赫有名的一代有作為的皇帝，所以長陵又是世界最有名的旅游勝地之一。
景區(qū)
祾恩門
《太常續(xù)考》等文獻記載，天壽山諸陵陵殿名為“祾恩殿”，殿門名之為“祾恩門”，始于嘉靖十七年(1538年)，是世宗朱厚熜親易佳名。其中，“祾”字取“祭而受福”之意，“恩”字取“罔極之恩”意，長陵棱恩門，為單檐歇山頂形制，面闊五間(通闊31.44米)，進深二間(通深14.37米)，正脊頂部距地面高14.57米。檐下斗拱為單翹重昂七踩式，其平身科斗拱耍頭的后尾作斜起的桿狀，與宋清做法俱不相同。室內(nèi)明間、次間各設板門一道，稍間封以墻體。其中明間板門之上安有華帶式榜額，書“祾恩門”三金字。“稜”字系后世修葺時誤寫。門下承以旱白玉欄桿圍繞的須彌座式臺基。其欄桿形制，為龍鳳雕飾的望柱，和寶瓶、三幅云式的欄板。臺基四角及各欄桿望柱之下，各設有排水用的石雕螭首(龍頭)。臺基前后則各設有三出踏跺式臺階。其中路臺階間的御路石上雕刻的淺浮雕圖案十分精美：下面是海水江牙云騰浪涌，海水中寶山矗立，兩匹海馬躍出水面凌波奔馳;上面是兩條矯健的巨龍在云海中升降飛騰，追逐火珠，呈現(xiàn)出一派波瀾壯闊的雄偉景象。
陵宮建筑
長陵的陵宮建筑，占地約12萬平方米。其平面布局呈前方后圓形狀。其前面的方形部分，由前后相連的三進院落組成。第一進院落，前設陵門一座。其制為單檐歇山頂?shù)膶m門式建筑，面闊顯五間，檐下額枋、飛子、檐椽及單昂三踩式斗拱均系琉璃構(gòu)件;其下辟有三個紅券門。陵門之前建有月臺，左右建有隨墻式角門(已拆除并封塞)。院內(nèi)，明朝時建有神廚(居左)、神庫(居右)各五間，神廚之前建有碑亭一座。神廚、神庫均毀于清代中期，碑亭則保存至今。
介紹北京明十三陵的導游詞范文
第7篇 十三陵導游詞
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各位親愛的朋友，我是旅行社導游小王，首先我代表旅行社歡迎大家!今天我們將要參觀的景點是十三陵，它是著名的一個皇帝陵墓群，里面涉及到豐富的歷史知識，所以請大家仔細聆聽導游詞介紹。
明十三陵是世界上埋葬皇帝最多、保存最完整的古代皇帝陵墓群，陵區(qū)內(nèi)葬的是明朝的十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后及諸多嬪妃、太子和公主等。好了，說到這里可能大家有疑問了，明朝總共十六位皇帝呀，為什么是十三陵呢?請聽導游詞講解。是這樣的，明朝開國時定都南京，所以皇帝朱元璋葬在南京，而他的孫子朱允炆被朱棣奪去皇位之后，不知所蹤，也無法建陵。還有后來的景泰皇帝，他與兄弟爭奪皇位，最后被降級為王，失去了資格。所以今天的十三陵里面埋葬的只有十三位皇帝。大家了解了嗎?
各位現(xiàn)在往這邊看——這是十三陵的標志性建筑物石牌坊，至今已有四百多年歷史了。現(xiàn)在往前看，這是十三陵的正門——大宮門，皇帝每次祭陵就要在大宮門前下馬進入。
好了，我們面前的就是長陵了。長陵是朱棣和徐皇后的陵墓，也是最大、年代最久的陵墓。接著看到的是定陵，我們進定陵地宮看一看。這地宮總面積為1195平方米，分為前、中、后、左、右五個大殿?，F(xiàn)在我們看到的就是地宮的精華部分了，這些全部都是皇帝生前的用品，珍貴奢侈，大家都嘆為觀止了吧!
接下來大家自由活動，下午5點前集合回去。有誰還想更仔細看看導游詞的嗎?好了，感謝大家，祝大家有愉快的一天!
第8篇 十三陵導游詞
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明十三陵，世界文化遺產(chǎn)，全國重點文物保護單位，國家重點風景名勝區(qū)，國家aaaaa級旅游景區(qū)。
明十三陵坐落于北京市昌平區(qū)天壽山麓，總面積一百二十余平方公里，距離天安門約五十公里。自永樂七年(1409)五月始作長陵，到明朝最后一帝崇禎葬入思陵止，其間230多年，先后修建了十三座皇帝陵墓、七座妃子墓、一座太監(jiān)墓。共埋葬了十三位皇帝、二十三位皇后、二位太子、三十余名妃嬪、兩位太監(jiān)。截止20xx年，已開放景點有長陵、定陵、昭陵、神路。
十三陵地處東、西、北三面環(huán)山的小盆地之中，陵區(qū)周圍群山環(huán)抱，中部為平原，陵前有小河曲折蜿蜒，山明水秀，景色宜人。這里自永樂七年(1409)五月始作長陵，到明朝最后一帝崇禎葬入思陵止，其間230多年，先后修建了十三座皇帝陵墓、七座妃子墓、一座太監(jiān)墓。共埋葬了十三位皇帝、二十三位皇后、二位太子、三十余名妃嬪、一位太監(jiān)。
十三座皇陵均依山而筑，分別建在東、西、北三面的山麓上，形成了體系完整、規(guī)模宏大、氣勢磅礴的陵寢建筑群。明代術(shù)士認為，這里是"風水"勝境，絕佳"吉壤"。因此被明朝選為營建皇陵的"萬年壽域"。該陵園建于1409～1644年，距今已有300～500多年歷史。陵區(qū)占地面積達40平方公里，是中國乃至世界現(xiàn)存規(guī)模最大、帝后陵寢最多的一處皇陵建筑群。明代時，于途中的沙河鎮(zhèn)北，建有七孔石造"朝宗橋"。在鎮(zhèn)東，則筑有壯麗的"鞏華城"。該城原為嘉靖皇帝祭陵時中途休息的行宮，現(xiàn)僅存遺址。
第9篇 十三陵導游詞
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明十三陵是中國明朝皇帝的墓葬群，坐落在北京西北郊昌平區(qū)境內(nèi)的燕山山麓的天壽山?？偯娣e一百二十余平方公里，距離北京約五十公里。 這里自永樂七年五月始作長陵，到明朝最后一帝崇禎葬入思陵止，其間230多年，先后修建了十三座皇帝陵墓、七座妃子墓、一座太監(jiān)墓。十三座皇陵均依山而筑，分別建在東、西、北三面的山麓上，形成了體系完整、規(guī)模宏大、氣勢磅礴的陵寢建筑群。 明代術(shù)士認為，這里是“風水”勝境，絕佳“吉壤”。因此被明朝選為營建皇陵的“萬年壽域”。
十三位皇帝陵墓分別為：長陵(成祖)、獻陵(仁宗)、景陵(宣宗)、裕陵(英宗)、茂陵(憲宗)、泰陵(孝宗)、康陵(武宗)、永陵(世宗)、昭陵(穆宗)、定陵(神宗)、慶陵(光宗)、德陵(熹宗)、思陵(思宗)。景區(qū)已開放景點有長陵、定陵、昭陵、神路。
明十三陵全年適宜，但是春秋天氣最佳，北京的春秋不冷不熱，氣候適中，是理想的旅游季節(jié)，尤其是秋季天高氣爽，氣候宜人。
明朝遷都北京后13位皇帝長眠于此，依山而筑，分別建在東、西、北三面的山麓上，形成了氣勢磅礴的陵寢建筑群，逝者去，陵猶在。
第10篇 十三陵導游詞
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明十三陵位于北京昌平區(qū)天壽山，因明代遷都北京后有十三位皇帝埋葬于此，故稱十三陵。明十三陵自永樂年間建長陵至今已有近620xx年的歷史，它用一條總神道、一座石牌坊、一組石像生，把整個陵區(qū)聯(lián)系在了一起，形成了一個整體，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝較多的帝王陵墓群。
明永樂年間，明成祖朱棣的皇后徐氏去世，朱棣命禮部尚書和一名江西術(shù)士前往北京一代卜選陵址。大概兩年后，選中了今昌平區(qū)康家莊樓子營一帶。這一帶青山環(huán)抱，綠水長流。北面的“龍脈”奔騰而來，氣勢磅礴。至此三峰并峙，山前一馬平川，蟒山繞其左，虎峪踞其右。外圍重巒疊嶂，如“萬騎簇擁，千官侍從”。正是風水理論中的“山川大聚”之勢，真正只有帝王才配享用的寶地。朱棣親臨閱視后十分滿意，封其山為“萬壽山”，選擇吉日，動工興建。永樂十一年玄宮建成后，從南京迎皇后徐氏的棺槨北上，擇吉入藏，并將陵寢命名為“長陵”。此后長陵的附屬建筑仍在逐步營建，直至宣德二年，長陵工程在大體完工，歷時20xx年，加之陸續(xù)建成的神道等設施，到長陵終建成，共歷時130余年。
朱棣在北京建造皇陵主要有兩個原因，首先是政治原因。朱棣發(fā)動“靖難之役”，推翻了侄子建文帝朱允炆的政權(quán)，朱允炆在宮內(nèi)大火中不知所終。朱棣登基后一直心有不安，除了派人尋找朱允炆的下落外，又制造的“壬午殉難”，大殺朱允炆朝臣，但人心終究不服。北京是朱棣經(jīng)營多年的根據(jù)地，所以自他登基之初便計劃遷都北京。皇陵隨之建在北京，也是順理成章的事。
其次是戰(zhàn)略原因。明朝初年，元朝的殘余勢力逃到漠北，成為明朝北方的長期威脅。而南京鞭長莫及，難以控制北方的局勢。所以朱棣遷都北京的同時在北京卜選陵址是極具戰(zhàn)略意義的，而這一舉措也確實對明朝疆域的鞏固起到了重要的作用。明正統(tǒng)年間，發(fā)生了“土木之變”，英宗被俘。這是就有人建議遷都南京，反對者就說“怎么能棄祖墳于不顧，丟給敵人呢?”這一道理保住了大明江山。
清朝時對明陵進行了管理、修葺，并找到了明皇室的直系后裔朱之璉，封他及其后代為一等延恩侯，世代負責明陵的祭祀及管理。
從代朱之璉開始，朱氏侯爵的身份延續(xù)了11代。民國年間后一代延恩侯朱煜勛被民國政府委以明陵保管員之職，但他不但白拿錢不干活，還有監(jiān)守自盜的嫌疑。民國政府下令撤銷其職位，將明十三陵交由昌平縣管理。從此明陵香火斷絕，延恩侯退出歷史舞臺。
現(xiàn)在的明十三陵面積約80平方千米，陵內(nèi)葬有13位皇帝，23位皇后，1位皇貴妃及殉葬宮人數(shù)十人。另外還有7座妃墳園寢和一座太監(jiān)墓(王承恩)?，F(xiàn)在明十三陵已成為聞名中外的旅游勝地，并于20xx年列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》
長陵神道總長約7.3米，走向隨地形變化而回轉(zhuǎn)起伏。在這條神道上，自南向北依次建有石牌坊、大紅門、長陵神功圣德碑、石像生、欞星門。
石牌坊位于神道南端，建于明嘉靖年間，是我國現(xiàn)存建筑等級的大型仿木結(jié)構(gòu)石牌坊。此牌坊用青白石料組裝雕琢而成，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“五間、六柱、十一樓”。石牌坊是十三陵的標志性建筑，其位置的選擇十分重要。南北方向上，牌坊中門正對著天壽山主峰，東西方向上與龍山、虎山相應。陵區(qū)南側(cè)，龍、虎山相距稍遠，欲連未連，石牌坊建在這里，正可彌補空間上的不足，使其地勢貫通。
大紅門是陵區(qū)的正門，位于龍、虎山之間，距石牌坊1.25千米。其規(guī)制為單檐廡殿頂，紅墻黃瓦，開券門3洞。明朝時門兩側(cè)建有紅墻，紅墻上設有左右隨墻門以便日常出入。門前左右立下馬碑兩方，正反面刻有“官員人等至此下馬”8字。大紅門正門為帝后棺槨及神御物品的通道，左門為皇帝謁陵時行走，右門為大臣們謁陵時行走。
穿過大紅門繼續(xù)向前走就來到了長陵神功圣德碑碑亭。碑亭為重檐歇山頂，四面辟門，正方形，碑亭四角各立有一座漢白玉華表。碑亭內(nèi)便是神功圣德碑。
長陵神功圣德碑上為盤龍碑首，下為龜趺馱碑，碑首上刻“大明長陵神功圣德碑”9字。“神功圣德”指的是對帝王歷史地位的評價。石碑的正面是明仁宗朱高熾為其父撰寫的3000余字的碑文，其余三面原來沒有文字，清乾隆時期在碑的背面刻了御制詩《哀明陵三十韻》，后又在碑的左側(cè)刻御制詩一首。清嘉慶時期在碑的右側(cè)刻了御制文一片，講的是明朝亡國的教訓得失。
穿過碑亭，走在神道上，可看到兩側(cè)的石像生。陵墓前設置石像生始于秦漢，是用來象征死者生前的儀仗用的。明十三陵的石像生沿用了明孝陵的規(guī)制，但增加了4尊功臣像。長陵石像生以一對望柱開始，望柱呈六邊形，底為須彌座，柱雕云紋，頂為云龍紋柱帽。石望柱之后800米的神道上排列著石獸12對、石人6對，石獸每種兩對，兩立兩臥。這些石像生分別是：
獅子：象征威武 獬豸：象征公平正義 駱駝：象征運輸和堅忍不拔的精神 大象：象征力量和祥瑞 麒麟：象征太平和祥瑞 馬：象征皇帝的御用儀仗 將軍：象征帝王朝會中的將軍 品官：象征帝王朝會中的各級官員 功臣：象征帝王朝會中的功臣。
走過神道，迎面可見的是欞星門。此處欞星門為三開間，門上中間各飾火焰寶珠，故又稱火焰牌坊，也叫龍鳳門。欞星門象征著天宮之門，宮殿、壇廟、陵寢中的欞星門均有尊天子宮寢之門為天門的意思。
